Association of body mass index and smoking at onset with glenohumeral osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Rashmi Pathak,1 Nitin B Jain,1,2,3 Folefac D Atem,4 James E Gardner,5,6 Ursa Bezan Petric,7 Ravi Prakash1,2
1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
4Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
5Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
6Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
7University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
Keywords: Body mass index, glenohumeral osteoarthritis, meta-analysis, smoking, systematic review.
Abstract
Objectives: In this review, we synthesize quantitative and qualitative evidence on the relationship between body mass index (BMI), smoking and the development of glenohumeral (GH) osteoarthritis (OA).
Materials and methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search in electronic databases such as MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science for studies published between 2000 to 2023. Studies examining the association between BMI, smoking, and GH OA were selected. Among the included studies, two studies were cross-sectional, two were case control, one was retrospective, and one prospective. We used Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) to assess the quality of the studies and used RStudio to perform the meta-analysis.
Results: A total of 24 articles reporting on various risk factors for GH OA were initially retrieved. Of these, five studies specifically investigated BMI and three examined smoking as potential risk factors. The odds ratio (OR) for BMI (OR=1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-2.22) and smoking (OR=3.14; 95% CI 1.23-9.38) were significantly associated with GH OA.
Conclusion: The present systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that higher BMI and smoking are significantly associated with an increased risk for GH OA. Future studies should focus on larger, more diverse populations and evaluate the potential impact of structured lifestyle interventions in reducing the incidence or delaying the progression of GH OA.
Citation:
Pathak R, Jain NB, Atem FD, Gardner JE, Petric UB, Prakash R. Association of body mass index and smoking at onset with glenohumeral osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch ISPRM 2026;1(1):22-30. https://doi.org/10.5606/archisprm.2026.21
R.P.: Analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; N.B.J.: Designed and facilitated the study and reviewed the final draft of the manuscript; F.D.A: Provided essential construct in the analysis of the data and reviewed the final version of the manuscript; J.E.G.: Performed the literature search, extracted the data and reviewed final version of the manuscript; U.B.P.: Extracted the data and approved final version of the manuscript; R.P.: Designed and supervised extraction of the data, wrote this manuscript, reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
The present work was supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National institute of Health under Award Number R01 AR074989. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the funding agency.
Data Availability
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
AI Disclosure
The authors declare that artificial intelligence (AI) tools were not used, or were used solely for language editing, and had no role in data analysis, interpretation, or the formulation of conclusions. All scientific content, data interpretation, and conclusions are the sole responsibility of the authors. The authors further confirm that AI tools were not used to generate, fabricate, or ‘hallucinate’ references, and that all references have been carefully verified for accuracy.